Underage Sexual Activity

Sexual activity during the teenage years is part of the normal spectrum of sexual development. However some children or young people who are sexually active before the age of legal consent may be experiencing abuse.

Interventions from practitioners should be aimed at identifying and protecting vulnerable children who are experiencing abuse or at risk of abuse, and providing information on age appropriate, consensual relationships

Children under the age of 13 are legally deemed incapable of consenting to sexual activity and therefore all incidences of sexual behaviour involving children under 13 years should be considered as a potential criminal or child protection matter.

Practitioners should be aware that boys and girls who are sexually active may have been groomed for abuse and at risk of sexual or criminal exploitation.

In assessing the nature of any particular behaviour, it is essential to look at the facts of the actual relationship between those involved. Power imbalances are very important and can occur through differences in size, age and development and where gender, sexuality, race and levels of sexual knowledge are used to exert such power. (Of these, age may be a key indicator, e.g. a 15 year old girl and a 25 year old man). There will also be an imbalance of power if the young person's sexual partner is in a position of trust in relation to them e.g. teacher, youth worker, carer etc. (and thereby committing an offence under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 irrespective of the age of the victim). In the assessment, workers need to include the use of sex for favours e.g. exchanging sex for clothes, trainers, alcohol, drugs, cigarettes etc.

If the young person has a learning disability, mental disorder or other communication difficulty, they may not be able to communicate easily to someone that they are, or have been abused, or subjected to abusive behaviour. Staff members need to be aware that the Sexual Offences Act 2003 recognises the rights of people with a mental disorder to a full life, including a sexual life. However, there is a duty to protect them from abuse and exploitation. The Act includes 3 new categories of offences to provide additional protection.

In order to determine whether the relationship presents a risk to the young person, the following factors should be considered. This list is not exhaustive and other factors may be needed to be taken into account:

• Whether the young person is competent to understand and consent to the sexual activity they are involved in;
• The nature of the relationship between those involved, particularly if there are age or power imbalances;
• Whether overt aggression, coercion or bribery was involved including misuse of substances/alcohol as a disinhibitor;
• Whether the young person's own behaviour, for example through misuse of substances, including alcohol, places them in a position where they are unable to make an informed choice about the activity;
• Any attempts to secure secrecy by the sexual partner beyond what would be considered usual in a teenage relationship;
• Whether the sexual partner is known by the agency as having other concerning relationships with similar young people;
• If accompanied by an adult, does that relationship give any cause for concern?
• Whether the young person denies, minimises or accepts concerns;
• Whether methods used to secure compliance and/or secrecy by the sexual partner are consistent with behaviours considered to be 'grooming';
• Whether sex has been used to gain favours;
• The young person has a lot of money or other valuable things which cannot be accounted for.

It is considered good practice for workers to follow the Fraser guidelines when discussing personal or sexual matters with a young person under 16. The Fraser guidelines give guidance on providing advice and treatment to young people under 16 years of age. These hold that sexual health services can be offered without parental consent providing that:

• The young person understands the advice that is being given;
• The young person cannot be persuaded to inform or seek support from their parents, and will not allow the worker to inform the parents that contraceptive/protection, e.g. condom advice, is being given;
• The young person is likely to begin or continue to have sexual intercourse without contraception or protection by a barrier method;
• The young person's physical or mental health is likely to suffer unless they receive contraceptive advice or treatment;
• It is in the young person's best interest to receive contraceptive/safe sex advice and treatment without parental consent.

In working with young people, it must always be made clear to them that absolute confidentiality cannot be guaranteed, and that there will be some circumstances where the needs of the young person can only be safeguarded by sharing information with others.

In some cases urgent action may need to be taken to safeguard the welfare of a young person. However, in most circumstances there will need to be a process of information sharing and discussion in order to formulate an appropriate plan. There should be time for reasoned consideration to define the best way forward. Anyone concerned about the sexual activity of a young person should initially discuss this with the person in their agency responsible for child protection. There may then be a need for further consultation with Children's Social Care for the relevant area. All discussions should be recorded, giving reasons for action taken and who was spoken to.

Where there are concerns that a young person may be at risk of sexual exploitation, a referral should be made to Children's Social Care in accordance with the Referrals Procedure; where the situation is an emergency, the local Police should be contacted immediately.

When a referral is received by Children's Social Care, consideration will be given to the need for an assessment and a Strategy Discussion/Meeting. 

After the Strategy Discussion there may be one of the following responses:

• That the child is not In Need. In which case Children's Social Care will take no further action other than, where appropriate, to provide information and advice or sign- posting to another agency in accordance with the local Early Help Assessment criteria;
• That the child is in need but there are no concerns that the child has suffered, or is likely to suffer, Significant Harm. In which case Children's Social Care, in consultation with other agencies, will determine what services they should provide and whether to continue an Assessment;
• That the child is in need and that there are concerns that the child has suffered, or is likely to suffer, Significant Harm. In which case Children's Social Care will initiate a Section 47 Enquiry and an Assessment.

Any girl, either under or over the age of 13, who is pregnant, must be offered specialist support and guidance by the relevant services. Such services should also be a part of the assessment of the girl's circumstances.

Sharing information with parents and carers: Decisions to share information with parents and carers will be taken using professional judgement, consideration of Fraser guidelines and in accordance with the Information Sharing Procedure. Decisions will be based on the child's age, maturity and ability to appreciate what is involved in terms of the implications and risks to themselves. This should be coupled with the parents' and carers' ability and commitment to protect the young person. Given the responsibility that parents have for the conduct and welfare of their children, professionals should encourage the young person, at all points, to share information with their parents and carers wherever safe to do so.

Sexual Grooming: Section 15 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 has been amended by the Serious Crime Bill (2015) and now makes it an offence for a person (A) aged 18 or over to meet intentionally, or to travel with the intention of meeting a child under 16 in any part of the world, if he has met or communicated with that child on just one occasion, and intends to commit a "relevant offence" against that child either at the time of the meeting or on a subsequent occasion. In addition the Serious Crime Bill introduced an offence of sexual communication with a child. This makes it an offence for an adult to communicate with a child for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification, where the communication is sexual or if it is intended to elicit from the child a communication which is sexual. An offence is not committed in either circumstance if (A) reasonably believes the child to be 16 or over.

The Age of Consent: The legal age for young people to consent to have sex is still 16, regardless of their sexuality. The aim of the law is to protect the rights and interests of young people, and make it easier to prosecute people who pressure or force others into having sex they don't want. For the purposes of the under 13 offences, whether the child consented to the relevant risk is irrelevant. A child under 13 does not, under any circumstances, have the legal capacity to consent to any form of sexual activity.

Protecting People with a Mental Disorder: The Sexual Offences Act 2003 created three new categories of offences to provide additional protection to those with a mental disorder:

• The Act covers offences committed against those who, because of a profound mental disorder, lack the capacity to consent to sexual activity;
• The Act covers offences where a person with a mental disorder is induced, threatened or deceived into sexual activity;
• The Act makes it an offence for people providing care, assistance or services to someone in connection with a mental disorder to engage in sexual activity with that person.

Protecting Children from Sexual Exploitation: The Sexual Offences Act 2003 covers a number of offences to deal with those who abuse and exploit children. The offences protect children up to the age of 18 and can attract tough penalties. They include:

• Paying for the sexual services of a child;
• Causing or inciting child sexual exploitation;
• Arranging or facilitating child sexual exploitation;
• Controlling a child in relation to child sexual exploitation;
• Sexual communication with a child.

These are not the only charges that may be brought against those who use or abuse children through child sexual exploitation. Abusers and coercers often physically, sexually and emotionally abuse these children, and may effectively imprison them. If a child is a victim of serious offences, the most serious charge that the evidence will support should always be used.

Levels of Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Education Settings: The Review of Sexual Abuse in Schools and Colleges (Ofsted, June 2021) identified substantial levels of sexual harassment and online sexual abuse for both girls (90%) and boys (nearly 50%). Nevertheless, that in a number of schools this went unreported as a result of the school's 'culture'. A part of this appeared to be that children felt they would not be listened to or be believed; they would be ostracised by peers, and because once it was discussed, (the children) feared the process would be out of their control. Also, that staff were generally not aware and did not countenance that this could happen at their school.

Keeping Children Safe in Education highlights that, 'Sexual violence and sexual harassment can occur between two children of any age and sex, from primary through to secondary stage and into colleges. It can occur through a group of children sexually assaulting or sexually harassing a single child or group of children. Sexual violence and sexual harassment exist on a continuum and may overlap; they can occur online and face to face (both physically and verbally) and are never acceptable. It notes that all staff working with children are advised to maintain an attitude of 'it could happen here' and to understand that, as a result of pupil's reluctance to refer themselves, they should act on third-party information.

Allegations Against Staff, Carers or Volunteers Procedure

Harmful Sexual Behaviour

Review of Sexual Abuse in Schools and Colleges (Ofsted, June 2021)

Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)

British Medical Association (BMA) – Children and Young People Toolkit; Sexual Activity

NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) – Contraceptive Services for Under 25s

FSRH Clinical Guideline: Contraceptive Choices for Young People